Awakening Religious Tensions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Awakening Religious Tensions - Essay Example He put a lot of emphasis on being ‘born again’. George Whitefield truly believed that true conversion brought a noticeable change in the souls of those who were converted. George Whitefield greatly disliked what he termed as ‘lukewarm’ Christianity. This, to him, was the reason why so many Christians were unaware that they were doomed in the hereafter. He exhorted his massive audiences to guard against serving God half heartedly. He also made changes in his ministry that stimulated people to actively seek for true change. Watching the sermons George Whitfield was an experience that changed most of his congregations. Audiences sat spell bound as he enunciated statements such as â€Å"The Lord Jesus Christ understood how very wicked and devious men's hearts were; he also knew that many reach hell even as they narrowly bypassed heaven’s gates† with numerous gripping gestures (Bushman 123). George Whitefield’s messages succeeded in changing the way Christian sermons were delivered in the majority of churches. Gilbert Tennent’s sermons added to the urgency of the Christian message in the first Great Awakening. In his sermon titled, â€Å"The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry†, Tennent referred to ministers who opposed the spirit of the Great Awakening as ‘Pharisee-teachers’. ... This sparked a division in many churches, and resulted in a number of congregants starting to look for churches that had ministered who had been born again and could prove it. Another minister of the Great Awakening who spurred remarkable changes in American Christian society was James Davenport. Davenport was quite radical in his interpretation of what he believed to be ‘tainted’ or ‘not inspired by God’. For instance, he encouraged his hearers to prevent the devil from influencing their daily lives. He even sanctioned public bonfires in which all artifacts and instruments such as jewelry and novels which were perceived to be ‘inspired by the devil’ were burned in a pile. In a news report on the result of his preaching, on paper documented in 1743 that â€Å"Great groups of people rushed toward the place of meeting, and shoved artifacts with Violence into the burning pile, proclaiming, Go you with the Rest† (Bushman 125). Davenport influ enced his crowd to become more aware of evil existing in day to day existence, and pushed for a return to purity, zealousness, and steadfastness in the Christian faith. All these developments were received with great happiness by congregations on both sides of the Atlantic. Moreover, they did not inspire much approval among other ministers. An ordained minister of an established church order, Charles Chauncy, particularly abhorred what he referred to as the ‘emotionalism’ he saw in most of the meetings of the first Great Awakening. In a letter penned to George Wishart, a Scottish minister in 1742, Chauncy complained, â€Å"There was definitely no extraordinary difference brought about by the preaching and it is vain to act as if there was. Instead, what happened was that there rose a spirit of censorious,

Business Continuity Management & Its Critical Services and Functions Essay

Business Continuity Management & Its Critical Services and Functions - Essay Example As the paper highlights this century, businesses are at significant risks, which if not well managed may end a business. Therefore, there should be minimum legislative requirements for any business continuity plan. The purpose is to enhance business security through effective disaster management plans. Increasing requirements ensures business survival after a catastrophe. However, where the law requires a business to only trade with other companies in compliance with the regulations, it would slow down if not destroy a business in totality. The minimum requirements could also lead to closure of firms not in conformity with the law. In addition, managers could face dire consequences after a disaster that would result in disruption of the entities. The regulations would be acting as a discipline to such managements. While coming up with business continuity plans, disaster management and recovery of a company after crises drive the process. In this regard, various management tools face enforcement. Some of the most important activities of the enterprise to pay attention to include business security, management of documents, audit, information system, service level agreements, among others. All these components are of great importance in ensuring the survival of a business after a disaster.  

Caribbean Guesthouse Business Plan Research Paper - 1

Caribbean Guesthouse Business Plan - Research Paper Example While there are a number of such homes offering such services our home stands out with difference of being located along the river banks. â€Å"Its marketing strategy will seek to find out ways in which quality of services can be improved within the home in order to attract more tourists.† (Davidson, 2005) It will seek to market the services one is likely to enjoy while at the home and how available the services are to the individuals. The intention is to also convince the consumers that the moment they step in the home they will leave the place satisfied and happy. The staff will be responsible for managing the affairs of the home with the support from the subordinate staff. As a start we will have a staff of 30 people. The size of the market area will be determined by amount of profit made from the investments. Advertisement for the home will be made through the newspapers, television and radio. Based on the demands by the tourism for accommodation, we expect that as a home we will be able to meet the sales projections of up to $400,000 and that the salary of the workers will be determined depending on the amount of profit that will be incurred. Currently, we have completed a six bed room home that is self financed and we expect to get more finances from those who obtain accommodation from the home. From the market research carried out we discovered that most of the profits were made during the festive seasons when families visited the Caribbean and we found that to be an opportunity for us to expand on our services and better them. The Industry The players in the industry are expected to be the tourists who come in from other countries. More and more people are considering leisure activities as one way of trying to avoid straining an idea that makes them want to visit and learn more about other countries. With the increase for the demand in accommodation and good food our home has to cooperate with other industries like those involved in food producti on. Through such cooperation the industry has been able to receive an increase in number of tourism. The director of marketing has noted that currently, people are interested in homes that make them comfortable and at the same time are able to provide a home feeling for them. â€Å"The home industry is very competitive, a challenge that leaves workers to be hardworking in ensuring that they deliver the best to clients and this includes not only services from the home but workers† (Davidson, 2005). To ensure this the staff will be expected to specialize more in their area of expertise in order to offer the best services. With time areas of expertise will become more narrow and interdependent to the extent that they will be able to come up with innovations that foresee advancement in their services. It should be clear that there is likely to be the non local competitors who might be dealing inn the same services. Strategies on how to overcome the barriers of competition is a ke y factor here. The home will seek to strengthen its mode of advertisement such that it is able to reach a wide range of people. The advertisement will take place after a clear investigation on the mechanisms undertaken by the other homes that makes them to remain at the top despite the competition. Marketing Plan This will range from the prices for the commodities to the rates charged for the accommodation. â€Å"

Community Health Nursing Essay Example for Free

Community Health Nursing Essay Healthy People provide a 10-year national objective for improving the health of Americans. It has established benchmarks and monitored progress over time in order to encourage collaborations across the country, empowering individuals toward making knowledgeable health decisions, and measuring the impact of prevention activities. The vision is for a society in which all people live long and healthy lives. Objectives new to Healthy People 2020 are related to policies targeting young children through physical activity in childcare settings, television viewing and computer usage, recess and physical education in the Nation’s public and private elementary schools. Physical activity is important as it can improve health and quality of life for all, including those with disabilities. Increased physical activity in children and adolescents can improve bone health, cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, decrease levels of body fat and reduce symptoms of depression. There is an epidemic of obesity among our children today, this is linked to the over use of computer games and television. Healthy People 2020 have set an objective that sets limits to screen time. It was rather interesting to me that the pediatrician informed me that my infant, now a toddler should not be watching television at all as recommended by the Journal of Pediatrics. As mentioned in The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, there is a dangerous link found between childhood obesity and asthma (Rance, O’Laughlen, 2011). A common assumption is that weight gain occurs because many asthmatic patients avoid exercise since physical activity can trigger their symptoms, though many contributing factors coexist (Rance, et. al., 2011). Interesting enough there has been a suggestion that overweight/obesity as a risk factor for developing asthma (Papoutsaakis, Priftis, Drakouli , Prifti, Konstantaki, Chondronikola, Matziou, 2013). As  an adolescent I was diagnosed with having chronic asthma, as I was extremely active and not an overweight child. Physical activity was a normal part of my daily afterschool routine, I ran track, was a member of the swim team and was on the cheerleading squad. So having asthma one should not exclude physical activity from their life as it helps to prevent obesity and other ailments. A study illustrated that children were more adept at identifying healthy foods and explaining their benefits than identifying activities that make their bodies healthy (Lanigan, 2011). This study also discovered that the media was the primary source of children’s health knowledge. Parents need to become more involved and lead by example as it pertains to the health and welfare of their children. This is why I often volunteer for the various optimist clubs in the community, sharing information on the importance of staying active, hydrated and eating a well balanced diet. I keep my kids in extracurricular activities such as sports, promoting physical activity and a healthy lifestyle. Early-learning professionals and parents need to play a more prominent role in teaching children about the benefits of healthy eating and activity (Lanigan, 2011). There has been a correlation between paternal influences on children’s weight gain, as a review demonstrated fathers who were overweight viewed themselves and their offspring as normal weight (Fraser, Skouteris, McCabe, Ricciardelli, Milgrom, Baur, 2011). The children in this study were more likely to eat fast food, eat at fast pace, eat when bored and were less likely to eat dinner together as a family (Fraser, et al., 2011). As it was hard to discern whether these behaviors are a result of children modeling behaviors displayed by their fathers’, although the heavier the fathers were the greater the number of hours their children spent in sedentary activities such as watching television and usin g the computer (Fraser, et al., 2011). One strategy not mentioned in Healthy People 2020 is mandating parent involvement and modeling, which I consider first line of defense for prevention of childhood obesity and related disease. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), builds on and strengthens the foundation for prevention and wellness established by Healthy People, the nation’s health promotion and disease prevention aspirations for a healthier nation (Fielding, Teutsch, Koh, 2012). The Guide to Community Preventive Services recommends making physical activity the easy choice by creating in our communities accessible parks and  recreation; encouraging the social norm of walking, bicycling, and climbing stairs where these activities can reasonably substitute for driving and riding elevators or escalators; and placing greater emphasis on mass transit and mixed residential and commercial development to encourage greater spatial integration of places where people live, work and shop (Fielding, et al., 2012). In conclusion, community based childhood obesity prevention programs with a school component focusing on both diet and physical activity is more effective at preventing obesity and overweight (Bleich, Segal, Wu, Wilson, Wang, 2013). As previously mentioned one strategy not mentioned in Healthy People 2020 is mandating parent involvement and modeling, which I consider first line of defense for prevention of childhood obesity and related disease. References Bleich, S. N., Segal, J., Wu, Y., Wilson, R., Wang, Y. (2013). Systematic review of community-based childhood obesity prevention studies. Pediatrics, 132(1), e201-e210. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-0886 Fielding, J. E., Teutsch, S., Koh, H. (2012). Health reform and healthy people initiative. American Journal of Public Health, 102(1), 30-33. doi:102105/AJPH.2011.300312 Fraser, J., Skouteris, H., McCabe, M., Ricciardelli, L. A., Milgrom, J., Baur, L. A. (2011). Paternal influences on children’s weight gain: a system review. Fathering, 9(3), 252-267. doi:10.3149/fth.0903.252 Lanigan, J. D. (2011). The substance and sources of young children’s healthy eating and physical activity knowledge: implications for obesity prevention efforts. Child: Care, Health Development, 37(3), 368-376. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01191.x Papoutsaakis, C., Priftis, K. N., Drakouli, M., Prifti, S., Konstantaki, E., Chondronikola, M., Matziou, V. (2013). Childhood overweight/obesity and asthma: is there a link? a system review of recent epidemiologic evidence. Journal of The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 113(1), 77-105. doi10.1016/j.jand.2012.08.025 Rance, K., O’Laughlen, M. (2011). Obesity and asthma: a dangerous link in children: an integrative review of the literature. Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 7(4), 287-292. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2010.06.011

Life in the American Revolution :: Essays on American Revolution

On January 14, 1741, Benedict Arnold was born in Norwich, Connecticut. (B Arnold) Arnold’s father, also named Benedict, had a drinking problem and his mother Hannah often worried. (B Arnold) Arnold received his schooling at Canterbury. (B Arnold) While away at school, a few of Arnold’s siblings passed away from Yellow Fever. (B Arnold) Arnold was a troublesome kid that would try just about anything. (B Arnold) As a rebellious 14-year-old boy, he ran away from home to fight in the French and Indian War. (B Arnold) Later, Benedict Arnold deserted and returned home through the wilderness alone to work with his cousins. (B Arnold) The army had excused him without penalty because of his tender, young age. In 1762, when Benedict was just twenty-one years old, he went to New Haven, Connecticut where he managed a book and drug store and carried on trade with the West Indies. (B Arnold) In 1767, he married Margaret Mansfield, a daughter of a sheriff of New Haven County. (B Arnol d) They had three sons together. (B Arnold) When the Revolutionary War was just beginning to break out, Benedict Arnold became a prosperous ship owner, merchant, and trader. (Lake Champlain) Within days, Arnold became very interested in the war once again and joined the American Army. All of the battles Arnold commanded over showed immense courage and bravery, but he was soon known as America’s greatest traitor due to his betrayal of the American’s. As the Revolutionary War broke out, Benedict Arnold decided to volunteer to head over 1,000 men up to Maine. (Lake Champlain) He asked for additional men from his companies to join the army. Arnold then became a captain in the Connecticut Militia. General George Washington had his favorites, which Arnold was among the very few. (Macks 118) So, Benedict Arnold was sent on a infernal 500 mile march to Maine by Washington also known as "The Rock". (Macks 72, 118) There, he met up with General Richard Montgomery. (Mac ks 72) The relentless Benedict Arnold and only about fifty percent of his original soldiers made it to the St. Lawrence River where they met up with General Montgomery. (Macks 72) Their plan was to attack the British Army by surprise in Quebec City, Canada. (Lake Champlain and Macks 72) Both Montgomery and Arnold arranged to start on the lofty mountain sides of Quebec. (Macks 72) Arnold and his soldiers found themselves trapped by the British.

Concerns Of Gloving Practices Health And Social Care Essay

Globally people populating with HIV positive virus is go oning to turn in 2008, making and estimated of 33.4 million ( 33.1 million-33.4 million ) . The incidence of freshly infected people populating with HIV virus is increased more than 20 % from 2000, that is the current rate is 2.7 million people. Related deceases are about 2 million, and the prevalence was robustly treble higher than in 1990 ( UNAIDS ) . In Asia entirely the HIV positive incidence rate is 4.7 million, and India being a developing state and one among highest in population rate, HIV population prevalence is high in India with 3.2 million. HIV instances incidence is more seen in Asiatic states, the chief contributing factors for this addition rate of Positive HIV instances are chiefly poorness, some cultural and religious beliefs and practises denial by authoritiess are due to miss of proper instruction and agencies of bar ( T. , 1995 ) As the incidence is more seen in these states the wellness attention professionals responsibilities will be at rise, this leads to a inquiry as how much educated, cognizant and ready are nurses to give attention for the HIV and AIDS patients. Nurses being the largest paramedical professional group of people caring for the patients. Nurses play an of import function in patient attention, as in Acquired immune lack syndrome ( AIDS ) caused by human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) nurses have a major function in patient attention and intervention. As the prevalence of AIDS are more in homosexual work forces and endovenous drug users, the populace is more concerned with the transmittal of this virus and is besides same with the wellness attention professionals as they are besides in menace group sing the concern and intervention of the HIV infected patients. There are many evidentiary surveies published with concern of wellness attention workers like physicians, nurses and paramedical staff of their negative attitudes and concerns sing HIV/AIDS. To be more specific many of these surveies have been more concentrated in the westernized universe. But in contrast, few surveies were published sing Indian nurse ‘s attitude and concerns sing HIV/AIDS. The chief intent of this survey is to To find the concerns, attitudes and workplace patterns of Indian nurses, caring with HIV- positive patients and other biological fluids. To determine that these concerns and attitudes were inter-connected. To happen out the nurses reasonable cognition in HIV and AIDS. As a consequence of this survey, the nurses can better their cognition and supply attention to the HIV and AIDS infected patients with proper average instruction and besides helps in cut downing anxiousness and fright in handling those patients.LITERATURE REVIEWNurses have the chief function in supplying attention for the patients with HIV/AIDS, but in contrast the surveies conducted in Western states indicate that the nurses are more unwilling, and the wellness professionals does non demo involvement or avoid giving attention to the patients with HIV/AIDS, this is chiefly due to the deficiency of proper insufficient cognition and instruction sing HIV/AIDS. As mainly nurses believe and fear that HIV positive patients are homophobic and contagious. ( Campbell S. , 1991 ) The mean Knowledge and attitudes of the doctors and nurses caring the HIV/AIDS patients turned out to be more in westernised portion of universe United States of America, Canada. And the average mark of cognition and attitude of nurses is really low in the parts of India and Thailand. ( Brachman P. , 1996 ) . Indian and Thailand Nurse are more uncomfortable in handling so HIV Patients when compared to the nurses and doctors from the United States and Canada, This survey clearly identifies the deficiency of proper cognition and attitude of nurses towards the HIV/AIDS patients. A Basic, Post-basic and go oning instruction programme for nurses on HIV/AIDS in western Pacific states like Fiji, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore and Philippines was evaluated and most of these states reportedly have hapless or no criterions for the HIV/AIDS nursing pattern, and due to these unequal installations in the workplace environment, they could non run into the agreed protocols of infection control ( S.B. , 1990 ) . This clearly suggest that the nurse work environment is besides under hazard where nurse play a major portion of function, where they are more susceptible to infection particularly when they are nursing patients like HIV and AIDS patients. A questionnaire developed to indicate out the attitude of nurses towards the attention giving to the patients with HIV seropositive patients, the consequences were clearly demoing the attack of the nurses towards the attention of patients to HIV was declined. As a sum of 323 nurses, more than half of the nurse ‘s respondent that they are non willing to supply attention to the HIV patients if they have an option of giving attention to the patients. And besides the consequences showed that more than one-fourth of nurses wanted to hold an option in giving attention to the patients with HIV and AIDS patients ( Wiley K, 1990 ) . A study conducted by ( P, 1992 ) in an English infirmary with 717 nurses, they were questioned sing the cognition of HIV and AIDS and besides the attitude towards the attention given to the patients to the HIV positive patients. The consequences shows that a 3rd of the nurses respondent that they are non ready to give attention to the patients if they were given an option of caring to patients with HIV and AIDS patients. Another survey conducted to govern out the nurses anxiousness towards caring the HIV positive patients and their ignorance of cognition of the HIV and AIDS, in this the nurses anxiousness was more shown as they refused to care the patients as they demanded that patients should be screened for HIV trial before supplying attention, and besides the wellness workers denying to care the patients with hazard of HIV seropositive ( E, 1988 ) The surveies conducted by ( EC, 1992 ) ( Flaskerud J H, 1989 ) ( Kelly JA, 1988 ) ( D, 1990 ) ( Scherer YK, 1989 ) , indicated chiefly the nurse ‘s fright and anxiousness of HIV transmittal from HIV positive patients to themselves while giving attention. The Centre for Disease Control ( CDC ) estimates that the hazard of transverse infection of HIV transmittal from seropositive patients to wellness attention workers is 1 in 330 as per the co-operative needle stick surveillance group. Stigma and favoritism Acts of the Apostless as a chief barrier to the attention given to the patients with HIV positive patients in India, this favoritism is seen among the medical physicians and nurses in infirmary harmonizing to the research conducted in India by UNAIDS 2001.RationaleNurses play an of import function in supplying quality attention in assisting HIV positive patients both physically and mentally. The literature reexamine clearly provinces that the nurses need much more instruction and knowledge intercession about caring HIV/AIDS, research to day of the months have clearly mentioned the attitude and concern of nurses sing HIV and AIDS, but at that place surveies were chiefly concentrated in western states where nurses are much good equipped with cognition and with proper medical installations where as in Asiatic states the statistics shows that nurses still persists with a fright for caring HIV and AIDS patients, in this research, the Indian nurses cognition and attit ude towards HIV and AIDS are to be taken in the consideration. The nurse in India requires specialised accomplishments, preparation and up to day of the month cognition of all facets of HIV and AIDS. This survey chiefly points out the current and future function of the professional Nurses in supplying disposed attention to the patients with HIV and AIDS.MANAGING DATA/ TIME RESOURCESThe mark samples will be Registered Indian Nurses working in Mahatma Gandhi medical Hospital in India, the nurses selected would be form different field of patterns. A non chance trying or Convenience sampling will be used in choosing nurses. Criteria for inclusion would be the current nurses working in the selected infirmary. Exclusion standards would be nurses with no clinical experience. The information aggregation tool utilised would be a structured questionnaire which would be mailed to respondents. Questionnaire used was antecedently done by the wellness attention workers analyzing writers ( laborat ory staff and nurses ) in New Zealand to find cognition attitudes and concerns of nurses in workplace covering with HIV positive biological fluids. ( Siebers R W L, 1992 ) . The cogency of questionnaire determined the United Kingdom nurses relationship between attitude, cognition and extent of contact with HIV and AIDS. ( Robbins I, 1992 ) The questionnaire consisted of five subdivisions. First subdivision would concentrate on the demographical informations -Age -Education, -Professional preparation -Major medical country of pattern -Years of work experience, and -Any nurses late attended workshops or seminars on HIV/AIDS The Second subdivision consists of Yes or No replying inquiries asking nurses sing their gloving pattern while managing biological fluids. The 3rd subdivision would ask for the responses of nurse ‘s in managing different type of biological fluids and specimens. The 4th subdivision would be utilizing a Likert graduated table for response by supplying statements with options of ‘strongly agree ‘ to ‘strongly differ ‘ . The concluding and 5th subdivision concluded with proving the nurse ‘s consciousness of HIV infected biological specimens and methods to destruct the HIV virus. A pilot survey would be conducted here with some qualified nurses here to look into the proper cogency and dependability of the questionnaire. A pilot survey is a little scale version of the research, the chief map is to size up the research and look into for any mistakes. This pilot survey helps in avoiding major errors subsequently in research ( Polit, 1997 ) . After worth the questionnaire will be sent to nurses in India with the proper alterations if required form the consequences obtained from the pilot survey. Nurses will be informed about the survey and its confidentiality. A covering missive will be given to the nurse sing the confidentiality and briefly depicting the usage of the survey. Consent is assumed by finishing a questionnaire. No hazards have been identified by this survey. Through this survey the nurse ‘s cognition towards the HIV and AIDS and their attitude towards the attention given to the patients can be assessed and besides therefore the proper attention and attitude towards the HIV and AIDS patients can be improved in the close hereafter.DATA MANAGMENTDatas collected through questionnaire will be analysed interpreted by utilizing variables and relevant statistics. Entire clip of three months will be needed, directing and acquiring back of the consequences from the survey group.PROPOSED RESEARCH METHODOLOGYQuantitative Study ( Burns, 2001 ) will be used for this survey to quantify factors placing the cognition and attitude of nurses towards the attention given to the HIV and AIDS patients. Quantitative is concerned with the Numberss of facts about people, events or things and set uping the relationship between variables, Descriptive design is utile for this survey as it is placing the current pattern jobs for the nurses caring for HIV and AIDS patients. The chief purpose of the descriptive design is to give an penetration of the respondents about the present survey. ( Burns, 2001 ) .Survey method will be used to administer the ques tionnaire, by the methods of get offing or emailing the inquiries to the Nurses ( Polit, 1997 ) . Non Probability or convenience sampling is utile for this survey as size of the population is impossible to place. De Vos ( 1998:191 ) .SummaryAs seen from the addition incidence of HIV and AIDS patients all over the universe. The wellness professionals should be good equipped and knowing to confront the fortunes. As nurses being the largest group in paramedical services they play a major function in caring the HIV positive patients. This survey chiefly concentrates on the degree of cognition and attitudes and concerns of the nurses handling the HIV and Aids patients, by which it helps in understanding the barrier of attention. By which nurses can be given proper in service instruction and cut out the spread between the attention given to the patients with HIV and AIDS. Nurses being in a medical profession should hold up to day of the month cognition sing a disease status and demand to be ready to give attention to the patient.

Judicial Control of Administrative Action in India and Writs

1 Judicial Control of Administrative Action in India and Writs One of the important field of the study of the administrative law is the „? Judicial Control of Administrative Action in India. Today the power of the administrative authorities become very strong and thus it resulted different complications and repercussions in the socio-economic field in India. Therefore, considering the day to day increasing power of the administrative bodies judicial control is become an important area of the administrative law as because the judicial department i. . Courts have proved to be the more effective and beneficiary branch than any other Parliamentary or Legislative or Administrative action for the purpose of the controlling the administrative action in India. In this regard Prof. Jain & Jain rightly quoted that, â€Å"the real kernel of democracy lies in the courts enjoying the ultimate authority to restrain all exercise of absolute and arbitrary power.Without some kind of judicial p ower to control the administrative authorities, there is a danger that they may commit excess and degenerate into arbitrary authorities, and such a development would be inimical to a democratic Constitution and the concept of rule of law† . Administrative law also provides for control over administrative action by an outside agency strong enough to prevent injustice to the individual while leaving the administrative agencies adequate freedom to enable them to carry on effective administration. Administrative Action† is a very comprehensive term in which all the actions of administration are included. Administration is the meeting point of three types of government functions. The executive performs the residue of all these functions which are not vested in the two other branches of government i. e. the legislature and the judiciary. 1 Administration exercises a variety of powers. Administrative action may therefore, be legislative or judicial or neither, i. e. it could be discretionary non-judicial order or merely a ministerial act.All these functions are exercised by the administration. Administrative process in this way cuts across the traditional classification of governmental powers and combines into one, all the powers which were traditionally exercised by three different organs of state i. e. the legislature, the judiciary and the Executive. Power of Judicial control of the Administrative action may be divided under two heads in India :- (I) Judicial Control of Administrative actions by Writs: Administrative actions may be controlled by the Courts by issuing different writs under different circumstances in India.Courts through issuing different writs playing a vital role in the judicial control of administrative actions in India. Article 32(2) provides that the Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appr opriate for the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights 2 and for the control of the administrative action in India. This right is available only against State as defined under Article 12 of the Constitution of India.This Article provide only Original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court not the Appellate jurisdiction. Thus a person can go straight to the Supreme Court for the protection of his Fundamental rights; this jurisdiction of Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution is considered as a part of the basic structure of the Constitution. Article 226 empowers the High Court to issue writs for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights as well as for any other oppose. Article 226 provides that notwithstanding 1. Jayantilal Amrat Lal Vs F. N. Rana, A. I. R. 1964 S. C. 648, 55. . Bandhua Mukti Morcha V. Union of India, A. I. R. 1976 S. C. 803. 2 anything in Article 32, every High Court shall have power throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdict ion, to issue to any person or authority including in appropriate cases any Government within those territories, directions, orders or which including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them for the endorsement of any of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by part III of the Constitution and for any other purpose.Both Article 32 and Article 226 provide five kinds of writs through which administrative action may be judicially controlled along with other actions. Article 226 under clause (4) made it quite clear that though both the Articles provides right of writs under the same heads, i. e. habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, but the power conferred on a High Court by Article 226 shall not be in derogation of the power conferred on the Supreme Court by Clause (2) of Article 32.Judicial Control over administrative action is exercised through the Constitutional extraordinary remedies and statu tory ordinary remedies as well. Provisions for extraordinary remedies have been made under Article 32 and 226 of the Constitution. For controlling administrative action Supreme Court and High Court can issue the writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari. A short discussion is given hereunder:Habeas Corpus: Habeas Corpus means bring the body.The writ of habeas Corpus is issued as an order calling upon the person who has detain another person to produce the detune before the Court to examine the legality of his detention. If the detune is produced before the Court and the Court finds the detention is illegal then it will order for the immediate release of the person detained illegally. The main objective of this writ is not to punish the person who has detained another person illegally but to secure immediate release of the person detained illegally whether in prison or private custody.Mandamus: The writ of mandamus is, in form, a control or command is sued by the Superior Court (the Supreme Court and High Court) to the Government, inferior court, tribunal, corporation, authority or any other person having public duty to perform asking such the Government, inferior court, tribunal, corporation, authority or any other person to perform the public duty or to refrain from doing illegal act.Thus mandamus is defined as a command issued to direct any person, corporation, inferior court or government requiring them or him to do any particular thing which he or they should do as a duty of his or their office and is in the nature of public duty or to prevent them from doing any illegal act. The purpose of this writ is to compel the performance of public duties prescribed by the statute and to keep a control over the subordinate court, Tribunal, corporation and other officers or administration exercising public duty.Certiorari: The writ of certiorari is the writ, which is issued by the Superior Court (i. e. Supreme Court or the High Court) to the inferior court or Tribunal or body exercising judicial or quasijudicial functions to remove the proceedings from such Court, Tribunal or body for examining the legality of the proceedings. If any order passed by the lower court or Tribunal or body exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions is found to be illegal by the Superior court then the Superior court may quash or demolish it.It also controls the judicial or quasi-judicial functions of the inferior court or Tribunal or body exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions exceeding it jurisdiction. 3 The prime aim of the writ of certiorari is to keep judicial control over the inferior courts or Tribunal or bodies functioning judicially or quasi-judicially within the limit of the jurisdiction allocated to them by the law and to prevent them from acting in excess of their jurisdiction.Prohibition : The writ of Prohibition is issued by a superior court to an inferior court or tribunal or body exercising judicial or qua si-judicial functions for preventing such inferior court or tribunal or body exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions from uprising jurisdiction which is legally not vested to them or from acting in violation of the principles of natural justice or from acting under the unconstitutional law.The object of the prohibition is to restrain the inferior courts or tribunals or bodies exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions from exceeding their jurisdiction. To control and keep them under the limit of their jurisdiction. Prohibition is an order of Superior courts directed to an inferior courts which forbids the court to continue proceedings in excess of its jurisdiction or in contravention of the law of the land.Quo Warranto: The word ‘Quo Warranto’ means „By what authority?. The writ of Quo Warranto is issued against a person who occupies or holds or usurps an independent sustentative office and asked him to show by what authority he claims it. The procedu re of this writ confers jurisdiction on the court to call upon the person holding an independent substantive public office or franchise or liberty to show by what right or authority he holds the said office or franchise or liberty.The unauthorized or illegal occupant of such office may be ousted by the judicial order and the person entitled to the office may be allowed to hold or occupy it. The object of this writ is to protect or control the right of the citizen through Courts from being deprived of public office to which he may have a right. By this writ the court protects the public from usurpers of the public office and control the administrative action in making appointment of the public office.Through this writ the court protects a citizen from being deprived of a public office to which he is legally entitled to hold. (II) Judicial Control of Administrative action by other than Writs: Some important aspects other than Writs also provided to the Constitution of India for the ju dicial control the administrative action in India. (i) Special Leave to appeal: The power of judicial review conferred on the Supreme Court under Article 136 is special or extraordinary in nature. This power is in the nature of a residuary reserve power of judicial review.Article 136 lays down that the Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, determination, sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any Court or Tribunal, except any Court or Tribunal constituted by or under any law relating to the Armed Forces. Since the Supreme Court has been invested with a plenary jurisdiction to hear appeals against the decisions of Administrative Tribunals and other adjudicating agencies, it is now regarded as an important mode of judicial review of administrative adjudications.But this jurisdiction is special and exercisable outside the purview of ordinary law. The Court entertains special leave only where the needs of justi ce demand its interference. 3 (ii) Supervisory Jurisdiction: The power of judicial review which has been conferred on all the High Courts under Article 227 is supervisory in nature. Article 227 provides that ever High Court shall have superintendence over all Courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it 3. Durga Shanker Mehta v. Raghuraj Singh, A. I. R. 1951 S. C. 20 (522). 4 exercises jurisdiction. This supervisory power is both judicial and administrative in nature. 4 The supervisory jurisdiction conferred on the High Courts under Article 227 is in addition to the power given under Article 226 to control inferior Courts or tribunals. The supervisory jurisdiction extends to keeping the subordinate tribunals within limits of that authority and ensuring that they obey the law. The power under the article can be exercised even in those cases in which no appeal or revision lie to the High Court5.Though all the above mentioned writs and non-writs power are imp ortant weapons against state (Article 32) as well as against any detune, whether a private person or State (Article 226) for the judicial control of the administrative action in India but the main instinct for the judicial control of the administrative action by writs is the writ of ‘MANDAMUS’ and ‘QUOWARRANTO’ which are equally protective against the violation of judicial as well as administrative action, and among the other than writs power is the ‘SPECIAL LEAVE TO APPEAL’ which empowers to appeal from any judicial and administrative judgment in India. ***** Department of Law, B. U. Shashi Nath Mandal LL. M ( Part – II), 4. Ram Roop v. Bishwa Nath, AIR 1958 all. 459. 5. Jagir Singh Ranbir Singh, (1979) 1 SCC 560.

Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs

Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs In 1519, conquistador Hernan Cortes landed on Mexicos Gulf coast and began an audacious conquest of the mighty Aztec Empire. By August of 1521, the glorious city of Tenochtitlan was in ruins. The Aztec lands were renamed New Spain and the colonization process began. Conquistadors were replaced by bureaucrats and colonial officials, and Mexico would be a Spanish colony until it began its fight for independence in 1810. Cortes defeat of the Aztec Empire had many ramifications, not the least of which was the eventual creation of the nation we know as Mexico. Here are some of the many consequences of the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs and their lands. It Sparked a Wave of Conquests Cortes sent his first shipment of Aztec gold back to Spain in 1520, and from that moment, the gold rush was on. Thousands of adventurous young Europeans - not only Spanish - heard tales of the great riches of the Aztec Empire and they set out to make their fortune just like Cortes had. Some of them arrived in time to join Cortes, but most of them did not. Mexico and the Caribbean soon filled with desperate, ruthless soldiers looking to take part in the next great conquest. Conquistador armies scoured the New World for wealthy cities to loot. Some were successful, like Francisco Pizarros conquest of the Inca Empire in western South America, but most were failures, like Panfilo de Narvaez disastrous expedition to Florida in which all but four men out of over three hundred died. In South America, the legend of El Dorado - a lost city ruled by a king who covered himself in gold - persisted into the nineteenth century.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Population of the New World was Decimated The Spanish Conquistadors came armed with cannons, crossbows, lances, fine Toledo swords and firearms, none of which had ever been seen by native warriors before. The native cultures of the New World were warlike and tended to fight first and ask questions later, so there was much conflict and many natives were killed in battle. Others were enslaved, driven from their homes, or forced to endure starvation and rapine. Far worse than the violence inflicted by the conquistadors was the horror of smallpox. The disease arrived on the shores of Mexico with one of the members of Panfilo de Narvaez army in 1520 and soon spread; it even reached the Inca Empire in South America by 1527. The disease killed hundreds of millions in Mexico alone: its impossible to know specific numbers, but by some estimates, smallpox wiped out between 25% and 50% of the population of the Aztec Empire. It Led to Cultural Genocide In the Mesoamerican world, when one culture conquered another - which happened frequently - the winners imposed their gods upon the losers, but not to the exclusion of their original gods. The vanquished culture kept their temples and their gods, and often welcomed the new deities, on the grounds that their followers victory had proven them strong. These same native cultures were shocked to discover that the Spanish did not believe the same way. Conquistadors routinely destroyed temples inhabited by devils and told the natives that their god was the only one and that to worship their traditional deities was heresy. Later, Catholic priests arrived and began burning native codices by the thousands. These native books were a treasure trove of cultural information and history, and tragically only a few battered examples survive today. It Brought Forth the Vile Encomienda System After the successful conquest of the Aztecs, Hernan Cortes and subsequent colonial bureaucrats were faced with two problems. The first was how to reward the blood-soaked conquistadors who had taken the land (and who had been badly cheated out of their shares of the gold by Cortes). The second was how to rule large swaths of conquered land. They decided to kill two birds with one stone by implementing the encomienda system. The Spanish verb encomendar means to entrust and the system worked like this: a conquistador or bureaucrat was entrusted with vast lands and the natives living on them. The encomendero was responsible for the safety, education and religious well-being of the men and women on his land, and in exchange, they paid him with goods, food, labor, etc. The system was implemented in subsequent conquests, including Central America and Peru. In reality, the encomienda system was thinly-disguised slavery and millions died in unspeakable conditions, particularly in mines. The N ew Laws of 1542 tried to rein in the worst aspects of the system, but they were so unpopular with colonists that Spanish landowners in Peru went into open rebellion. It made Spain a World Power Before 1492, what we call Spain was a collection of feudal Christian Kingdoms which could barely put aside their own squabbling long enough to oust the Moors from Southern Spain. One hundred years later, a united Spain was a European powerhouse. Some of that had to do with a series of efficient rulers, but much was because of the great wealth flowing into Spain from its New World holdings. Although much of the original gold looted from the Aztec Empire was lost to shipwrecks or pirates, rich silver mines were discovered in Mexico and later in Peru. This wealth made Spain a world power and involved them in wars and conquests around the globe. The tons of silver, much of which was made into the famous pieces of eight, would encourage Spains Siglo de Oro or golden century which saw great contributions in art, architecture, music, and literature from Spanish artists.   Sources: Levy, Buddy. . New York: Bantam, 2008. Silverberg, Robert. The Golden Dream: Seekers of El Dorado. Athens: the Ohio University Press, 1985. Thomas, Hugh. . New York: Touchstone, 1993.

Entrepreneurial Leadership Essays

Entrepreneurial Leadership Essays Entrepreneurial Leadership Essay Entrepreneurial Leadership Essay Entrepreneurial leadership helps develop and sustain elements of the organizational culture. Bergstrom (2004) interpreted that entrepreneurial leadership has three dimensions: 1) take more risk; 2) favor change to obtain the advantage; and 3) compete aggressively. We will discuss the common elements of different theories and philosophies as it relates to the new definition of entrepreneurial leadership. I will discuss my leadership style that I aspire to be, and compare it to dimensions of other leadership styles. Entrepreneurs have a wealth of knowledge at their finger tips using tools and resources available through the Small Business Administration (SBA) and the website SCORE. We will explore and compile useful information that can be obtained from the SBA that entrepreneurs and new business owners can use to gain an advantage on start up. I will describe my personal principles of leadership and explain why I believe in them. Entrepreneurial Leadership Discuss the common elements described in the theories/philosophies of Case, Kouzes, and Drucker including how their principles/strategies relate to the new definition of entrepreneurial leadership. Entrepreneurial leadership is a complex style of leading. Individuals who practice this style are generally; driven, risk taker, aggressive and can recognize when change will give the advantage. Peter Drucker (1985) discusses several strategies of entrepreneurs, but â€Å"Fustest With the Mostest† is one that looks to the future. Entrepreneurs are looking to the future of creating a new market or industry with their innovation. James Kouzes (2008) highlights his five practices of exemplary leadership. One of the five practices, â€Å"Inspire a Shared Vision† is leaders envision the future and create an ideal image of what the organization can become. Steve Case (2009) spoke at George Mason University commencement ceremony about his leadership philosophies of people, passion and perseverance. Case’s â€Å"Perseverance† is looking at what the company was going to do in the future not immediate gratification. The common element of all three of these theories/philosophies is look to the future. Immediate gratification will not suffice for the long term goals. Searching for common elements in the theories/philosophies of; Drucker, Kouzes and Case, I have identified yet another. Drucker’s â€Å"Creative Imitation† entrepreneurs improve a product or market already done. Kouzes’ â€Å"Challenge the process† leaders look for the challenge and ways to improve the process. Case’s â€Å"Passion† focuses on what you are passionate about and keep improving it. The common element is looking for ways to improve. Leaders are never satisfied with just achieving the goal. Once it’s achieved another goal is set. Leaders never stop wanting the best for themselves and the organization. The above mentioned theories/philosophies relate to the new definition of entrepreneurial leadership in that leaders help develop and sustain elements of the organizational culture. They have the ability to recognize opportunities and understand resources and capabilities. The related elements help develop the leaders, as well as, contribute to the success of the business. Discuss your leadership style or the style you aspire to be and how it compares to transactional, transformation, visionary, charismatic, principled, and entrepreneurial leadership. I have a vision of my leadership containing values, harmony, integrity, ethics and inspiration. I hold a high level of respect for my peers and subordinates. I expect my subordinates to do the same. I like to motivate and encourage as well as challenge the mind. I look for big opportunities and very well equipped employees. My leadership style compares more to principled leadership. I’m moral and ethical with high integrity. I do have characteristic of the other leadership styles. Charismatic with vision and articulation, transformational with enthusiasm and energy, transactional with clear chain of command, entrepreneurial with opportunities, and visionary with seeing the big picture. To sum it up, I am a transactional transformed visionary with charismatic principles who likes to lead. Discuss how you would use resources and tools available through the Small Business Administration and SCORE. A wealth of knowledge is compiled in one location for the small business entrepreneurial. The Small Business Administration website offers the Small Business Training Network (SBTN) which is a virtual campus offering online courses, publication and other forms of technical support. Gaining as much knowledge about running a business will give you that more of an advantage in a down economy. I would use the business planning and business management on the virtual campus. This would educate me on preparing a business plan and finding out how to strategically plan for the future of my business. Also on the SBA website they have a course on the SBTN on Finance and Accounting. This course will explain SBA financing and funding for the small business, it will walk you through filling out the loan packet, and it will introduce you to accounting. One of the most important aspects of running a business is the bookkeeping. Every business owner should know how to record income and expenses. I then went to the SCORE website, they have a template gallery for free downloads. I could down load a start up business plan, 12-month cash flow spreadsheet and a 12-month sales forecast spreadsheet. SCORE also provides podcasts for marketing and estimating expenses. There is an enormous amount of education and business prep materials for the small business entrepreneurial at a key stroke. Describe your personal principles of leadership and your rationale for selecting them. My personal principles of leadership include responsibility and honesty. I have to take responsibility for my actions and be honest with the outcome. As the old saying goes, â€Å"the truth can hurt†, and sometimes it can, but as a professional I have to learn to deal with it. I much rather be told the truth than lied to. I would also have to include Self-discipline and integrity as part of my personal principles of leadership. Self-discipline and integrity holds me accountable to myself, the organization, peers and subordinates. You have to be honest to yourself and hold yourself to a higher standard before you can do that for and to others. I have a set of core values that keep me driven and committed to anything I do. References Bergstrom, A. (2004). Synopsis of Entrepreneurial Leadership: Developing and Measuring a Cross-Cultural Construct. Leadership Review, Vol. 4, 103-104. Drucker, P. (1985). Entrepreneurial Strategies. California Management Review, Vol XXVII, No. 2. 9-25. Kouzes, J. (2008). Rising to the Leadership Challenge. Podcast #:08-27. Case, S. (2009). 2009 George Mason University Commencement Speech: People, Passion and Perseverance. casefoundation. org/blog/steve-case-george-mason-university-commencement-speech

Faux Amis - French English False Cognates Letter E

Faux Amis - French English False Cognates Letter E One of the great things about learning French or English is that many words have the same roots in the Romance languages and English. However, there are also a great many faux amis, or false cognates, which look similar but have different meanings. This is one of the biggest pitfalls for students of French. There are also semi-false cognates: words that can only sometimes be translated by the similar word in the other language.This alphabetical list (newest additions) includes hundreds of French-English false cognates, with explanations of what each word means and how it can be correctly translated into the other language. To avoid confusion due to the fact that some of the words are identical in the two languages, the French word is followed by (F) and the English word is followed by (E).à ©ducation (F) vs education (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©ducation (F) usually refers to education at home: upbringing, manners.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  education (E) is a general term for formal learning instruction, enseignement.à ©ligible (F) vs eligible (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©ligible (F) means eligible only for membership or an elected office.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  eligible (E) is a much more general term: à ©ligible or admissible. To be eligible avoir droit , remplir/satisfaire les conditions requises pour.à ©mail (F) vs email (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©mail (F) refers to enamel.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  email (E) is often translated as un email, but the accepted French term is un courriel (learn more).embarras (F) vs embarrass (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  embarras (F) indicates trouble or confusion as well as embarrassment.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  embarrass (E) is a verb: embarrasser, gà ªner.embrasser (F) vs embrace (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  embrasser (F) means to kiss, or can be used formally to mean to espouse.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  embrace (E) means à ©treindre or enlacer.à ©mergence (F) vs emergency (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©mergence (F) is the equivalent of the English words emergence or source.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  emergency (E) is un cas urgent or un imprà ©vu.employer (F) vs employer (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  employer (F) is a verb - to use, employ.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  employer (E) is a noun - un patron, un employeur.enchantà © (F) vs enchanted (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  enchantà © (F) means enchanted or delighted, and is most commonly used upon meeting someone, the way Its nice to meet you is used in English.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  enchanted (E) enchantà ©, but the English word is much less common than the French.enfant (F) vs Infant (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  enfant (F) means child.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Infant (E) refers to un nouveau-nà © or un bà ©bà ©.engagement (F) vs Engagement (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  engagement (F) has many meanings: commitment, promise, agreement; (finance) investing, liabilities; (negotiations) opening, start; (sports) kick-off; (contest) entry. It never means a marital engagement.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  engagement (E) usually indicates ones engagement to be married: les fianà §ailles. It can also refer to un rendez-vous or une obligation.engrosser (F) vs engross (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  engrosser (F) is a familiar verb meaning to knock up, get someone pregnant.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  engross (E) means absorber, captiver.enthousiaste (F) vs enthusiast (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  enthousiaste (F) can be a noun - enthusiast, or an adjective - enthusiastic.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  enthusia st (E) is only a noun - enthousiaste.entrà ©e (F) vs entrà ©e (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  entrà ©e (F) is another word for hors-doeuvre; an appetizer.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  entrà ©e (E) refers to the main course of a meal: le plat principal. envie (F) vs envy (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  envie (F) Avoir envie de means to want or to feel like something: Je nai pas envie de travailler - I dont want to work (feel like working). The verb envier, however, does mean to envy.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  envy (E) means to be jealous or desirous of something belonging to another. The French verb is envier: I envy Johns courage - Jenvie le courage Jean. escroc (F) vs escrow (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  escroc (F) refers to a crook or swindler.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  escrow (E) means un dà ©pà ´t fiduciaire or conditionnel.à ©tiquette (F) vs etiquette (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©tiquette (F) is a semi-false cognate. In addition to etiquette or protocole, it can be a sticker or label.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  etiquette (E) can mean à ©tiquette, convenances, or protocole.à ©ventuel (F) vs eventual (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©ventuel (F) means possible: le rà ©sultat à ©ventuel - the possible outcome.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  eventual (E) describes something that will happen at some unspecified point in the future; it can be translated by a relative clause like qui sensuit or qui a rà ©sultà © or by an adverb like finalement.à ©ventuellement (F) vs eventually (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©ventuellement (F) means possibly, if need be, or even: Vous pouvez à ©ventuellement prendre ma voiture - You can even take my car / You can take my car if need be.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  eventually (E) indicates that an action will occur at a later time; it can be translated by finalement, la longue, or tà ´t ou tard : I will eventually do it - Je le ferai finalement / tà ´t ou tard. à ©vidence (F) vs evidence (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©vidence (F) refers to obviousness, an obvious fact, or prominence.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  evidence (E) means le tà ©moignage or la preuve.à ©vident (F) vs evident (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©vident (F) usually means evident or obvious, and there is a familiar expression that always catches me: ce nest pas à ©vident - its not that simple.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  evident (E) means à ©vident or manifeste.à ©vincer (F) vs evince (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©vincer (F) means to oust, supplant, or evict.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  evince (E) manifester or faire preuve de.exceptionnel (F) vs exceptional (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  exceptionnel (F) can mean either exceptional or special in the sense of out-of-the-ordinary, unexpected.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  exceptional (E) means exceptionnel.expà ©rience (F) vs experience (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  expà ©rience (F) is a semi-false cognate, because it means both experience and experiment: Jai fait une expà ©rien ce - I did an experiment. Jai eu une expà ©rience intà ©ressante - I had an interesting experience.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  experience (E) can be a noun or verb refering to something that happened. Only the noun translates into expà ©rience : Experience shows that ... - Lexpà ©rience dà ©montre que... He experienced some difficulties - Il a rencontrà © des difficultà ©s.expà ©rimenter (F) vs experiment (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  expà ©rimenter (F) is a semi-false cognate. It is equivalent to the English verb, but also has the added sense of to test an apparatus.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  experiment (E) as a verb means to test hypotheses or ways of doing things. As a noun, it is equivalent to the French word expà ©rience (see above).exploitation (F) vs exploitation (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  exploitation (F) can mean either usage or exploitation.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  exploitation (E) is translated by exploitation, but it always has a negative connotation in English, unlike the French which can simply refer to usage.exposition (F) vs exposition (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Une exposition (F) can refer to an exposition of facts, as well as to an exhibition or show, the aspect of a building, or exposure to heat or radiation.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exposition (E) un commentaire, un exposà ©, or une interprà ©tation. extra (F) vs extra (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  extra (F) is an adjective that means first-rate or terrific. Un extra is a catering assistant or a treat.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  extra (E) the adjective means supplà ©mentaire. As an adverb, it might be translated by plus, trà ¨s, or even un supplà ©ment (e.g., to pay extra - payer un supplà ©ment). As a noun meaning perk, its equivalent to un -cà ´tà ©. extras as in extra options are en option or gà ¢teries, extra fees are frais supplà ©mentaires. An acting extra is un figurant and extra time in sports is prolongation(s).

Client-Consultant Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Client-Consultant Relationships - Essay Example It is essential to realize that consultants are not usually as apart of the employees’ fraternity nor do they have direct involvement in any organization. In order to make the consultancy involvement work and be victorious, it is crucial for everyone to appreciate the nature and context of this connection. Many people have paid attention on how clients try to control the client-consultant relationship1. Their investigation discloses that managers tend to have indefinite and often contradictory views on how they utilize consultants2. Mostly, the close partnership with the client conflicts with the clients’ endeavors of being charge of and the consultants plan of making himself or herself very important in the project. Consultants ensure this so as to attain a nonstop exchange of the consultancy services and, therefore, a dependant relationship. For the client, this dual direct dilemma explains the client-consultant ambiguous relationship. While the reliance and trust on the consultant may be helpful for the corporation, it may also question the client’s capability to administer and, thus, intimidating his or hers professionalism. Over the years, consultants worked more as suppliers to their clients that it is in the current years3. However, increase in relationship associated with consulting has seen the client- consultant relationship upgrade to more of a partnership of respect and has caused improvement in client’s effectiveness4. It is essential to realize that consultants work with their clients in a complicated and fluid relationship that has trust as the great characteristic. The client-consultant relationship has increasingly become complex due to the focus on higher order task categories. Consultation is necessary in any business because it identifies problems, analyzes the problems and, hence, results to solutions5. These consultations are done to people who are able to provide general advice on strategic, organizational, and operational context in all businesses. For this reason, well-trained and qualified people conduct consultation services because both objective and independent ideas must be provided. Reasons for Client-Consultation Consultation has acquired great success because of its worthwhile reasons. First, the clients acquire skills, techniques, and knowledge acquired by the trained people. This brings the difference between a typical executive and an executive who underwent consultation. Client consultation has a lot of advantages in that it provides competence that is not available anywhere else. The people offering the clients advice have varied experience from various sources outside that of the customer. They are both independent and professionals, hence, have the ability to study and tackle problems accordingly. Actually, they increase significant value in problem solving by reducing resolution cycle time6. There are various types of consultants and it is essential to understand their d ifferences. This ensures that the appropriate person attends clients. The first category is the mental adventurer who has complete analysis of all problems and their effects, even the long-term ones. They mostly apply rigorous economic methods and use their experience to solve the problems. Another category is the strategic navigator bases that involve advice from quality understanding of markets and spirited dynamics. These types of

Management of Software Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management of Software Projects - Essay Example This observation has prompted the senior management to identify and recognize the significance of the functions of marketing in order to enhance the achievement of defined objectives. Accordingly, it has also been acknowledged that the establishment of a comprehensive website to serve the purpose of providing basic functionality is required at this stage. Thus, the purpose of this report is to assess, examine and evaluate the web usability and functionality of the project by analyzing the set criterion and how the proposed website delivers full conformance to the industry wide standards of web usability. The formulation of the report follows a systematic format which outlines the guidelines of web usability and demonstrates how the proposed website meets these standards. The concluding discussion of the report adopts a proof-of-concept approach by providing pertinent recommendations regarding the implementation of cost-effective web hosting techniques and the execution of effective m aintenance solutions. 2. Overview of Web Usability Criteria Web usability criteria and guidelines that are utilized extensively throughout the industry do not necessarily represent a conflicting approach with regards to their principles and foundations. However, the complexity of these standards postulates that each web usability criteria is distinct in respective areas and also demonstrates certain capabilities that may not be present in an alternative solution. The scope of this paper focuses on the ISO DIS 9241-151 criteria in addition with JISC guidelines. While, the former represents the international standards for web usability, the latter is adopted during the establishment of academic websites in the UK (Bevan 2005). Moreover, the report also provides reference to the HHS guidelines which are regarded as one of the most comprehensive sources in the field. As noted by Bevan (2005), the standards provided by the HHS guidelines and ISO DIS 9241-151 demonstrate an agreement with regards to certain standards. Consequently, 49 standards that have been highlighted in the JISC are similar to the HHS guidelines (Bevan 2005). The primary standards to which a website must comply can be categorized as: the process of design and evaluation, the optimization of the user’s web experience, ability to access desired, data, content and information, observations related to software and hardware requirements, development of the homepage, establishment of a page layout, provision of navigation options, font of headings, links and other titles, creation of links, lists and other controls, the integration of graphics and relevant media sources, standards and organization of web content and search options (Bevan 2005). It should be noted that the key objective behind the creation of the website is to offer a comprehensive online tool to the potential audience of the commercial management courses that are being offered by Management Training (NMT). Therefore, it is impo rtant that the website rigorously follows and meets the selected criterions to provide basic functionality to the users. Accordingly, the academic nature of the website has made the compliance with JISC guidelines a fundamental requirement. The additional standards that are recommended by JISC are essentially related to the enhancement of the search options, including search results that operate in a similar manner to that of Google and the location of search boxes (Bevan 2005). Mor

Metacritical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Metacritical Thinking - Essay Example Researchers incorporating systems thinking embark on investigating the link between the smaller social issues, that is, the contributions each problem segment was making on the overall social problem. According to Checkland and Poulter (2006, p. 27) little isolation between issues are made during the research process. However, connection between the various issues is done towards the end of research. Individual researchers with experience in various sub-sections lead investigation therein. This provides opportunity for the contributing issues to be combed conclusively before being incorporated in solution finding processes. However, it is the connection between the various issues that help understand the real social problems, and therefore lead to development and implementation of best solutions. This form of thought process also includes the parameters of spirituality and the arguments related to existence of god. However, there are exceptions too. In this context it would be relevant to say that in the context of meta-criticism Jean Kilbourne presents excellent example of the term. Jean Kilbourne makes an excellent point in her portrayal of advertisement and its appearance of violence and sexually predatory nature. Blatantly sexist, implied violence and the essence of fear or dominance would be inherent in advertisement of all descriptions from lingerie, to jeans all the way to peanut butter. Jean Kilbourne's essay shows us how much we ignore in the world of advertisement, which simply exemplifies that which we ignore in life as a whole. Either her portrayal of the difference between perceptions of men and women in the various ads, including such concepts as intimacy, violence and innocence would be such as to cause alarm or to cause us to seriously examine the route advertisement is taking in the role of human behaviors. Human behavior is altered by stimuli outside the mind, but absorbed by that same mind. It is this absorpt ion that must be considered when understanding the human psyche. Sexual advertisement has a tendency to increase violence done by men continuously exposed to the ads and the industry continues to use these sexual images for attention magnets. The biggest problem with this now would be the fact that now teenagers and children have become a target audience, resulting in addiction toward images and brands. Her meta-criticism is persuasive and highly motivating backed by relevant informative text. (Kilbourne, 116-7) However, it should be noted that there various schools of Meta-critical thought process and they are generally associated wit cosmological criticism and arguments. The first one, derived from the argument of motion, stipulates that for bodies to be in motion, they have to be moved by other bodies. Since it is contended that the two states of being 'potential' and 'actual' are mutually exclusive, it is not possible for a "mover" and the "moved" to be the same, i.e. automated movement is axiomatically ruled out. Now, based on this contention, if we regress to infinity, then we arrive at the concept of the 'first mover'. Since the 'first' mover, cannot, logically be moved by any 'preceding' body, the former has to 'God'. The second postulate is in terms of the nature of 'efficient causes'. This

Introduction to Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Research - Essay Example The study will analyze in which manner the hotel is meeting customers’ expectations and which facilities are more important from the customers’ point of view from improvement perspective (Dolnicar & Otter, 2003). For a hotel to survive in a competitive environment, it is a must that the hotel meets customers’ needs and wants and their probable expectations. In a hotel quality means that the facilities and services are according to customer’s satisfaction. The more the visitors are satisfied with the services, the greater is the chance of hotel’s promotion in a competitive environment (Naseem, Ejaz, & Malik, 2011). According to the study conducted by Sriyam (2010), there are several types of facilities that are provided by hotels to their customers. First thing to include is the type of room like deluxe, Superior or executive classroom, Family suite or Grand suite respectively. Among dining services, a hotel should include Italian cappuccino, The M-C afe experience of Thai or Chinese food, continental food, and additional services of fruits and beverages that is a value adding option. A must-include service in a hotel is recreational activities like swimming pool, gymnasium, spa, or a sports ground for outdoor facilitation (Sriyam, 2010). Purpose of the Study Griffith University Hotel is a regional hotel, which offers services for two types of clients, business travelers and pleasure travelers. The purpose of this study is to access and evaluate the current structure of the facilities offered by the hotel. The evaluation is to be done based on the importance and performance attributes. Those facilities that are important in customers’ point of opinion and those that meet customers’ expectations are to be analyzed. This will provide a sketch of an idea which facilities are more important and which need improvement in the Griffith University Hotel service. The Research Method The method of research was based on quant itative analysis in which the hired manager designed a questionnaire following 17 facilities of the hotel. The 17 features include the express check in, checkout, valet parking, recreational activities, family restaurant or room service etc. There were two categories of respondents from whom the interviews got conducted: the categories of business travelers and pleasure travelers respectively. Summary of Findings In total 264 travelers were selected as respondents for the analysis, out of which 118 were pleasure traveler respondents and 146 were business traveler respondents. This was to evaluate and compare their responses on 18 hotel facilities in order to get an idea which facility is more important and which needs further improvement. The criterion to judge facilities was based on two things, importance and performance that were set to compare important facilities with achieved performance facilities. This was all to bring improvements in facility structure of Griffith Universit y Hotel, which needs to be improved in terms of operation and more importantly with respect to clients’ perspective. Research Questions Out of 18 facilities, which facilities are more significant from clients’

Essay about the novel Metamorphosis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About the novel Metamorphosis - Essay Example ?He is even more worried when the chief clerk reaches home to enquire why he has not turned up to work when he is required to complete some important task. Gregor’s family is not sure whether the vermin is their son. The family has tried to provide food and shelter for the vermin though the aspect of comfort is not given to him. He is not allowed out of his room to mingle with the members of the family and continue to have the good life he earlier had. Despite his physical condition, Gregor wants to complete his assignments for the day and wonders how his family will live without his earning because his father was already in debt. He is also worried that his mother cannot work due to her illness. He thinks "of his family with emotion and love." He also learns that in the absence of his earnings, all the members of the family have taken up work and they have also lent out room for lodgers. Gregor’s sister Grete used to serve him food and clean up his room. The maid of the house is fired and is replaced by a charwoman. The charwoman is the only woman who sympathizes with Gregor and talks to him. The human mental condition of Gregor is further revealed when he get’s out of his room following his sister to find medicine for their mother, who collapses seeing the vermin. Gregor is badly punished by his father for getting out of his room by throwing an apple and Gregor gets hurt, unable to move. This also reveals that Gregor’s father has reached a good financial position and wants to get rid of Gregor to maintain authority on the family. The sight of Gregor is fearsome for his mother, though his sister feeds him with his favorite food for which he has no penchant now. Though Gregor yearns to talk to their family and spent time with them, he is not allowed to get out of his room. But the music played by Grete takes him out of his room to teach his sister to play the right notes. The lodgers are astonished seethe creature and cries out to leave without paying

Introduction to Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Research - Essay Example The study will analyze in which manner the hotel is meeting customers’ expectations and which facilities are more important from the customers’ point of view from improvement perspective (Dolnicar & Otter, 2003). For a hotel to survive in a competitive environment, it is a must that the hotel meets customers’ needs and wants and their probable expectations. In a hotel quality means that the facilities and services are according to customer’s satisfaction. The more the visitors are satisfied with the services, the greater is the chance of hotel’s promotion in a competitive environment (Naseem, Ejaz, & Malik, 2011). According to the study conducted by Sriyam (2010), there are several types of facilities that are provided by hotels to their customers. First thing to include is the type of room like deluxe, Superior or executive classroom, Family suite or Grand suite respectively. Among dining services, a hotel should include Italian cappuccino, The M-C afe experience of Thai or Chinese food, continental food, and additional services of fruits and beverages that is a value adding option. A must-include service in a hotel is recreational activities like swimming pool, gymnasium, spa, or a sports ground for outdoor facilitation (Sriyam, 2010). Purpose of the Study Griffith University Hotel is a regional hotel, which offers services for two types of clients, business travelers and pleasure travelers. The purpose of this study is to access and evaluate the current structure of the facilities offered by the hotel. The evaluation is to be done based on the importance and performance attributes. Those facilities that are important in customers’ point of opinion and those that meet customers’ expectations are to be analyzed. This will provide a sketch of an idea which facilities are more important and which need improvement in the Griffith University Hotel service. The Research Method The method of research was based on quant itative analysis in which the hired manager designed a questionnaire following 17 facilities of the hotel. The 17 features include the express check in, checkout, valet parking, recreational activities, family restaurant or room service etc. There were two categories of respondents from whom the interviews got conducted: the categories of business travelers and pleasure travelers respectively. Summary of Findings In total 264 travelers were selected as respondents for the analysis, out of which 118 were pleasure traveler respondents and 146 were business traveler respondents. This was to evaluate and compare their responses on 18 hotel facilities in order to get an idea which facility is more important and which needs further improvement. The criterion to judge facilities was based on two things, importance and performance that were set to compare important facilities with achieved performance facilities. This was all to bring improvements in facility structure of Griffith Universit y Hotel, which needs to be improved in terms of operation and more importantly with respect to clients’ perspective. Research Questions Out of 18 facilities, which facilities are more significant from clients’

Injectronics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Injectronics - Essay Example The initials IM stand for innovative mechatronics. This was the new name that was taken up since the year 2012. The merger involved four organizations namely RAE ignition and sensors, DAT equipment, Injectronics and MAP- mechatronic auto parts. Initially, Injectronics used to remanufacture and repair automotive products for resale. They then started manufacturing of automotive equipment and also embarked on extensive testing equipment to ensure they have the widest range of products in stock ready for sale. They were the first automotive company in the southern hemisphere to be given ISO 9001 accreditation. The IM group has lived up to the same expectations regardless of the mergers and still remains the only automotive organization in the southern hemisphere that is ISO certified. The remanufacturing process follows the step of a customer trading in already used automotive equipment or perhaps even a car. This equipment will be remanufactured and then the customer will be able to pu rchase the remanufactured equipment or new equipment depending on their choice. The MAP (mechatronic auto parts) is a new and exciting brand that was recently added to the IM group; it is aimed at providing unique and high quality automotive products to the southern hemisphere. ... These key rubbers usually do not have a replacement but the MAP products effectively do the trick. These products come with a duly explained replacement user manual thereby making it easy for the user to change. RAE ignition and sensors is another branch of the IM group, which deals with ignitions and sensors. They present different ignitions for various makes of vehicles in the industry, which are ISO certified. These are also replacements for defective or faulty ignitions and sensor systems. The Injectronics branch of IM group continues the initial trade of the original Injectronics. This is the initial business of buying of used automotive parts and selling of new automotive parts. DAT equipment is yet another branch of the IM group that deals with automobile diagnostics. Such equipment includes gadgets that show faults or confirm the state of vehicle parts and their efficiency. Equipments are electronically tested, with ignition spark tester being an excellent example. This elect rically checks for the ignition sparks performance. All the above products of the IM group have played a big role in finding the break -even point for the firm thereby making it continuously viable. The emergence of the above subsidiaries led to a lot of change in the market share for the firm; this played a big role in making top-level management to change the company name from Injectronics to the name Innovative mechatronics. The name innovative mechanics well suits the organization as it only deals with a very special niche in the automotive field. Not many automotive companies are exploiting the above niche, which is well favored by the Australian population. IM group however, also exports her products to other countries. This is also another avenue of

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Essay Example for Free

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Essay Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is about Harry Potter and his friends at Hogwarts. In the beginning, Dobby went to Harry’s house and told him that he should not go to school this year. It is very dangerous. Harry went to school anyway. A cat and a lot of people got petrified. Some of Harry’s friends think it is him causing the problems. When Harry was playing Quidditch, Dobby made the ball hit him and Harry lost all of the bones in his arm. Then, Professor Lockhart taught the students at Hogwarts how to fight evil. Harry spoke in Parseltongue which is making sounds like a snake. Harry, Hermione, and Ron made a Polyjuice potion to catch Malfoy talking about petrifying all of the people. Then, Harry found a diary that writes back when you write in it. Tom Riddle is the one who wrote to him in the diary and told him that Hagrid opened the Chamber of Secrets. After Hermione is petrified, Dumbledore and Lucius Malfoy took Hagrid away because Lucius thought Hagrid was petrifying everyone. Hagrid told Harry and Ron to follow the spiders. Harry and Ron followed the spiders to the forest and the spiders almost killed them, but they escaped. Then, Voldemort took Ginny to the chamber and Harry, Ron, and Professor Lockhart had to go find her. Professor Lockhart cursed himself and Harry went to the chamber by himself. He found Ginny and Tom Riddle. Tom Riddle is Voldemort when he was a kid. Professor Dumbledore’s phoenix came and poked out the snake’s eyes and the magic hat gave Harry a sword. Then Harry killed the snake and stabbed the diary so Tom Riddle was dead. The best part of the book was when Lucius Malfoy gave Dobby a sock so he is free and doesn’t have to work for him anymore.

The use of PEST and SWOT in Healthcare

The use of PEST and SWOT in Healthcare PEST and SWOT analysis are instruments which have been used to study the big picture of the political, economical, social and technological impacts around the organization and looking upon the strength and weakness within the organization that will influence its current strategies and the future. Following is a PEST and SWOT analysis done in a pharmaceutical organization (cipd.com) Industry: Healthcare Sector Organization: Laboratory Allied Limited- Kenya 1. PEST analysis Political impacts Political instability due to upcoming elections (-5) High rates of Corruption(-9) Implementation of FDA policies and guidelines for international approval (+10) Influence of the Africa Union and East Africa union on trade freedom (+10) +6 Economical impact Recession and inflation (-3) More market for supplying products (+9) High prices of available local raw materials (-7) -1 Social impact HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis pandemic (-5) Different tribes and culture (5) Over population (-3) Climate change (-4) -7 Technology impact New and advance technology innovation (+10) Rapid evolution of technology(+8) No company website is established (-2) Slow internet speed (-4) +12 SWOT analysis Strengths Superb location of the organization (+10) A number of production equipments (+4) A Quality Assurance department (+7) Good marketing team and dedicated customers (+8) Excellent product prices (+7) +36 Weaknesses No research and development department (-6) Very few skilled analysts and technicians (-7) Financial resource is less for funding a new project (-7) Outdated equipments (-7) -27 Opportunities Newer marketing sites in central and southern Africa (+10) A wide range of marketing agents (+10) Import taxes are reduced thus able to buy raw materials from other countries (+10) +30 Threats Recession therefore no revenues (-6) Competitors (-6) Increment in the licence fee in 2011(-5) Security problems (-7) -24 On observing the current position of Laboratory Allied Limited, the PEST analysis (+10) and SWOT analysis (+15) shows that it is stable, but it could improve by developing and planning ways of altering the weakness and threats into strengthen. In conclusion Laboratory Allied Limited is a promising pharmaceutical company that could progress gradually into a number one choice of place to work in the future. ROLES AND ACTIVITIES OF HUMAN RESOURCE AND LINE MANAGERS IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1. Human resource planning Human resource planning (HRP) or workforce planning is one of the classic human resource (HR) administrative tools in the estimation and identification of HR requirements used to meet the organization long-term objectives and economic opportunities. It is therefore defined as the systematic process for analysing the organization needs on how many employees are needed and what kind of knowledge, skills and talents is required in order to satisfy the organization needs (Armstrong, 2009:486). Line managers are required to provide information from their respective departments regarding to the strength of their workforce and what skills is required at the present and in the future. Thereafter, it is duty of the HR manager to gather and analyze these data which will help them to actualize the strategic plans of the human resource and by putting in mind to apply the economic theory when the demand is high the supply is low and vice versa, which will help the HR manager view the exact scenario in the organization and the labour market (D.Haffner handout I, 2010:20-21). HRP does not only assess the organizations current climate and its future labour but it does helps in the management planning of any needed recruitment, training and development of the right employee and the evaluating the progress of the organization which in turn helps in providing information to the managers regarding the need to review their forecasts and programs (Susan E. Jackson et al., 1990:223). Connecting business plan with HRP The objectives of any business vary from one organization to another which could be either short-term or long-term. Due to the constant and rapidly changes in the business, economic and social environments, these factors has played a great impact in many leading organizations to emerge their business plans with HRP so as to adopt a long-term plan. HRP is therefore the key element in every organizational strategic business plan in ensuring that its survival is sustained in the marketplace. Thus this is one of the responsibilities of the human resource in developing the human resource strategies that will be applied into the business plans. This is supported from the quoting of Kathyrn Connors (vice president of Human Resource at Liz Claiborne), who believes that the success of any organization strategies is by implementing the HR plans as shown in appendix 1 (Susan E. Jackson et al.1990:223). The human resource planning model in Appendix 2 shows how the various activities which are interlinked to each other and how they influence each other towards the achievement of the businesss SMART objectives, plans and its development (Armstrong,2009:fig.29.1:490) In a study case of British Gas, which is the countrys leading energy provider has implemented workforce planning model to help them predict the needed engineers who will help in meeting their customers quench for services. The managers are constantly carrying out a forecast programmes that will help them visualize how many more engineers they require in the future so as to meet the needs of their customers. Thus the British Gas success is because of the application of the HRP content in their business plans and putting customer first (Thetimes100.com). Looking at the PEST and SWOT analysis of Bio Energy in appendix 3 has the potential of growing because of its great and cheap services. Since British Gas is one of its competitors, they could apply the HRP principles and model as the way British Gas have. By doing so, they would be the of the top energy suppliers in the world because of their environmental conscious advantage. 2. Recruitment and selection Recruiting and selecting appropriate staffs is a great challenge for many HR professionals. In most of the upcoming companies the demand for labour is high but the research conducted by many HR managers is poor and still have difficulty in differentiating between recruiting and selection, therefore appointing the wrong employees. Therefore, this paper defines recruitment as the various steps an organization undertakes to attract applicants to work for an organization and meet its objectives. Selection is part of recruitment process that is involved in pinpointing the successful candidates for the jobs under reasonable and relevant assessment (Armstrong, 2009:515). A successful organization, be it small or large, always has an organized and a solid workforce that is comprised of well competent and qualified individuals. The human resource manager (HRM) and the line managers participate in different stages of recruiting and selecting the prospective candidates for their company. Process of recruiting and selecting Assuming that a human resource plan has been conducted regarding on how many more staff members are required, the HRM is then required to develop the organizations procedures and policies relating to recruiting new staff and ensure that the selection carried out in unbiased manner. Unsuccessful recruitment is when the companys money is been spent and no outcome is obtained, therefore HRM is also required to strategically plan a recruitment procedure that would be effective to the company. It is then the duty of a line manager to write up the role profile required to fill in his team. Description of individuals competency to perform/operate for example operating equipment and individuals skills, abilities and experience should be included in the role profile. In any role profile there is always an additional part that informs about the terms and conditions of the employment. One can argue about experience requirement because some of the recruiters don not require experienced applicants because in the long run they provide training at their workplace. The line manager should not over exaggerate the content in the role profile because unreal profile could lead to disappointment and dissatisfaction of the recruiter if the applicants do not meet their role profile standard (Armstrong, 2009:515-517). The next step is selecting the best and cost-effective recruitment method to attract prospective candidates. Methods such as internal and external recruitment, recruitment agencies and consultants among others are used by different organizations in recruiting candidates. For example the UKs public sector prefers to advertise their job vacancies both internally and externally which they believe to a good practice. Footnote? Before commencing, it is important for HR manager to initially perform an analysis for their organization before doing a scenario planning especially when the labour market is tight (recession).This in turn helps them to analyse and use this to develop the value of the employee needed and the brand of the employer (Derek, 2009:47-48,57-58). A survey carried out by CIPD (2008) on recruitment found out that a high percentage of candidates relied on recruitment agencies and the lowest percentage used journals for seeking jobs (Armstrong, 2009:520) hence it is crucial for the any recruiter to recognizing the best source of recruiting candidates. Choosing the BEST selection tools Anne and Nancy (2004) have described in their research findings how HR managers have wrong perception on the types of tools used for selecting employees. Poor selection of candidate is due to either poor use of tools or less time spent when selecting, thus it is the duty of line managers to carefully select the appropriate tool ensuring its cost and validity and analyse carefully on the characteristics of the applicants. The use of psychometric tests plays a vital role in measuring individual candidates in their ability, intelligence and personality (Anne and Nancy, 2004: 305-308). For example in an organization such Enterprise Rent-A-Car, the largest car rental business in UK has a well organized workforce of over 65,000 employees. Enterprise applies the recruitment and selection model in Appendix 4 to recruit new skilled staffs. They use the online recruiting method which they believe that is the easier way the applicant can apply. After the recruitment process, the HR manager will carefully select the appropriate candidates by using a standard documentation that matches the candidates with the required roles, qualities and skills needed in the organization. The candidates are then assessed by taking part in practical exercises and finally being interviewed by the senior manager for his final view (Times100). Howard self drive is a small upcoming company that deals with renting cars like Enterprise do. Looking into its external and internal context in Appendix 5 you can see its success is threatened by limited number of skilled staff. By applying the recruiting and selecting model used by Enterprise then they would have a better chance of being successful because of selecting the appropriate candidate for their organization. 3. Training and development The most effective way for a company to continue achieving its business plans is by expanding its strategies on training and development activities for their employees in order to allow them to flourish their skills and abilities. The theory a valuable employee is one who is well trained and has learnt, hence has shown continuous develop has been used by HR managers to ensure that effective training is provided to their employees and allowing them to progress continuously (D.Haffner, handout 2, 2010:26). The HR manager is responsible for establishing learning and development strategies that will be followed to achieve the better skills for their employees. In the other hand, line managers are in charge of planning training sections for their employees and assessing their progress from their learning and ensuring that every one of them has had the opportunity to train and develop continuously. The provision of learning and training opportunities in an organization provides the employers assurance for employees development and commitment to stay in the organization. Therefore money spent on their training would be worthy but this could also mean that training these employees would make them more competent and may decide to seek employment leading to losses (Derek, 2009:66). Learning programmes could be conducted either by informal or formal, web-based, self-directed or the blend of either 2 or more of them. Informal learning is normally considered by many managers as a source for knowledge but it is the best way to acquire knowledge from the fellow employees as they go by. On-job learning could be another way for learning where one can be coached, mentored, job shadow etc. This type of learning is cost free and more effective (Armstrong, 2009:666-673). For example Tesco, the largest British retail is keen in providing their employees training opportunities and evaluate their skills and abilities at their position at workplace. Employees are provided both on-the-job and off-the-job training. Training techniques used in on-the-job training e.g. shadowing, coaching, and mentoring and job rotation which provides effective learning. Off-the-job training is provided if new skills are needed. Every employee has a self-development chart which shows the learning progress. In Tesco, it is the responsibility of the employees to assess themselves on their development by setting their own SMART objectives. 360-degree appraisal is also been used in Tesco to assess the performance of the employee where the stakeholders are provided this opportunity. The development progress of any employee is rated from Red to Blue. Therefore, Tesco has applied the systematic training and Boyatzis models in appendix 6 in their training and developing program in t heir company for effective customer service (thetimes100). From the Appendix7which shows the analysis of Ganesh supermarket. The manager should apply all the principles Tesco have used for training and assessing the competencies of their employees which will bring success in their organization. 4. Health and safety (HAS) There are many activities occurring in our workplaces which are today governed by legislation that requires the employers to implement in their organizations so as to protect and manage the Health and Safety of their employees and other people who might be affected. The UK health and Safety work Act 1974 states the duties and responsibilities of employers, employees and including individuals who are self-employed on issues regarding to health and safety (Alan, 1996: 52). Health and Safety policies It is the duty of the employer, HAS officers, HR and line managers to bring about the policies and programmes of Health and Safety issues so as to protect their employees. These policies and programmes do not only apply to employees alone but also the consumers, suppliers and nearby communities who will be affected by what the organization does and produces. An employer should always have a signed HAS policy statement which acknowledges the intended agenda regarding to the safety of the employees. Although the issue is that the employer should implement policies on HAS but this relies on the responsibility of each employee to conduct themselves using their common sense. Assessing and auditing It is important to identify and assess any risks that threatens the HAS in an organization and be able to take proper measurements on managing them. A risk could be assessed using a 3-point scale or Holts and Andrews (1993) complex rating scale (Armstrong, 2009:963) which will determine if these risks are hazardous to the employees. It is important that the involvement of HRM, line managers and employees in the auditing HAS programmes as to ensure safety measurements are applied constantly. Training in HAS It is essential for every employee to be trained on ways to handle safety when a hazard has occurred but the issue is that it is not implementing into action. Many organizations only apply training when an accident has happened and at the time when vigilance has risen. This point is supported by the illustration below which was obtain from Herald of Free Enterprise, kings cross and challenges (Mark,1998: 354): many of the principles of good training are widely known in management circles and organization of highly quality will adopt them as part of their explicit policy. Unfortunately it is also true that organizations may pronounce them publicly and yet at the operational levels treat them causally. Senior management may fail to realize that this is happening. The true state of affairs only emerges when some disaster occurs.. A successful health and safety management system (SMS) is one that comprises of strategic plans and the implementation of policies according to HSE publication and British Standard guide which should be set up in an organization. A SMS model in appendix 8 has been developed to be applied in the management of HAS which shows how different issue influences each other in the achievement of safety at the workplaces (Alan, 1996: For example FirstGroup, is the leading public transport company have developed safety culture as one of their activities and their first priority is to provide safety to both their employees and customers. The employers of FirstGroup have implemented the Health and Safety Act 1974 in their organization and provide Prevention Handbook to their employees. Each employee is provided and assessed in their safety training programmes ensuring that each one of them is competent in providing first aid when a hazard has occurred. They have also introduced Disability Discrimination Act 1995 in their organization policies in order to consider those applicants that are physically challenged to join their workforce. Safety-themes are also displayed in their intranet and published in the companys newsletters. Conclusion This article describes the important of the roles and responsibilities of HRM and line managers in these activities in an organization and how they support each in various ways. Human resource planning ensures that the need of the right people at the right time and place are selected who are competent and able to fulfil the business strategies of an organization. Recruiting and selecting the applicants is crucial step for any organisation because of the difficulty in choosing the appropriate method and tools for selecting the candidate of choice. Finally, the need of training employees is an important issue today so that they are well profound with their appointed roles and duties at their workplace and making sure that health and safety in their surrounding is established.